{"id":635,"date":"2017-05-10T14:18:53","date_gmt":"2017-05-10T20:18:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/?page_id=635"},"modified":"2023-08-10T17:18:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-10T23:18:26","slug":"laurence-kingsley-callahan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/the-biographies\/laurence-kingsley-callahan\/","title":{"rendered":"Laurence Kingsley Callahan"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"A(Louisville, Kentucky, January 11, 1894 \u2013 Chicago, September 17, 1977).1<\/a><\/p>\n

Callahan\u2019s family was from Kentucky; Mr. and Mrs. Callahan and their three sons moved to Illinois when Laurence was quite young, but kept up their Louisville ties.2<\/a>\u00a0 Callahan\u2019s father, Americus Franklin Callahan, invented and patented the window envelope around 1902; Callahan\u2019s mother was a talented amateur singer.3<\/a>\u00a0 The family became socially prominent in Chicago.4<\/a><\/p>\n

Callahan attended Cornell, graduating in 1916.5<\/a>\u00a0 He returned to Chicago, where he became a stock and bond salesman.6<\/a>\u00a0 He attended ground school<\/a> at the University of Illinois and graduated in the same class as John McGavock Grider (August 25, 1917).7<\/a><\/p>\n

Callahan, along with Grider, was among those in their ground school class who chose or were chosen to continue their training in Italy. \u00a0The 150 men of the \u201cItalian\u201d or \u201csecond Oxford detachment\u201d set sail from New York on September 18, 1917, on the Carmania<\/i>. \u00a0The entry for September 20, 1917, in War Birds <\/i>reads in part: \u00a0\u201cI have a stateroom with Lawrence [sic<\/i>] Callahan from Chicago, who roomed with me at Ground School, where we suffered together under Major Kraft and had a lot of fun from time to time in spite of him. \u00a0We almost got separated at New York as he was going to France with another detachment over at Governor’s Island. \u00a0I got Elliott Springs, our top sergeant, to get the Major to have him transferred to us.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u201d \u00a0There are numerous further references to Callahan or \u201cCal\u201d in War Birds<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Callahan later recalled: \u00a0\u201cI started off in an expedition of about one hundred fifty American pilots (to be) who presumably were going to Italy to sort of fill up some of their needs for manpower. . . . \u00a0We had Italian instructors to teach us Italian. \u00a0The staff work of the United States Army was quite consistent and so we did not land in Italy; we landed in Liverpool, England, where we found we then had to be with the British air force rather than the Italians.\u201d \u00a0Once the initial disappointment passed, Callahan, like most of the men, was happy with the arrangement: \u00a0\u201cWell, the British, with their usual lack of ability to produce publicity, had not advertised the fact that they happened to have the best air force there was at that time. . . .\u201d8<\/a><\/p>\n

For their first night in Oxford, the men were assigned haphazardly to various colleges. Paul Stuart Winslow of the first Oxford detachment\u2014fifty American cadets who had arrived in Oxford in early September\u2014\u201cwent out . . . to the different colleges, and looked up men we knew. We found Larry Callahan and Jake Stanley at Exeter. . . .\u201d8a<\/a> The next day the detachment was split into two groups, with sixty assigned to The Queen\u2019s College, and ninety to Christ Church.\u00a0 About a week later, Grider, assigned to Christ Church, wrote to his friend Emma Cox: \u201cThe top sergeant, Springs, and Jim Stokes from Nashville, and Callahan from Chicago are all in the same room with me.\u201d9<\/a>\u00a0 Callahan recalled, \u201cwe never had more fun in our life than we did at Oxford. \u00a0We didn\u2019t have any work to do because we already knew everything.\u201d10<\/a><\/p>\n

After a month at Oxford, Callahan, along with all but twenty of the detachment members, left to go to machine gun school at Harrowby Camp, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. On November 19, 1917, he was assigned to No. 12 Training Squadron at Thetford where, according to the War Birds<\/i> entry for November 20, 1917, he, Grider, and Clarence Horne Fry roomed together. \u00a0There they began their flight training on Maurice Farman Shorthorns. \u00a0\u201cIt seemed that they were\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. trying to get rid of these Maurice Farman Shorthorns because they were going to get Avros,\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. so they conceived of a very fine idea. \u00a0They said why not have our Americans\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. crack them all up.\u201d Callahan goes on to recount his own particular smash up.11<\/a><\/p>\n

At Thetford, in the lead up to Thanksgiving, a rugby match was planned, according to Eugene Hoy Barksdale, who was also at Thetford. But \u201cit was called off & a cross country race put in instead\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. a mixture of an obstacle & cross country race for we had to go over fences through hedges & swim a river before returning.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. \u00a0Callahan of Cornell won.\u201d12<\/a><\/p>\n

From Thetford, Callahan went to No. 56 Training Squadron at London Colney on December 16, 1917. \u00a0His R.A.F. service record indicates that on February 21, 1918, he \u201cGrad. C.F.S.,\u201d i.e., graduated from this stage of R.F.C. training.13<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Around this time he was recommended for his commission; Pershing\u2019s cable forwarding the recommendation is dated March 4, 1918 (there was typically a delay between the initial recommendation and the cable), and the confirming cable from Washington is dated March 25, 1918.14<\/a>\u00a0 In early March Callahan went from London Colney to the School of Aerial Gunnery at Turnberry, Scotland, and from there to the School of Aerial Fighting at Ayr.15<\/a><\/p>\n

Paul Stuart Winslow was also at Ayr at this time.\u00a0 He recorded a busy day in his diary on April 3, 1918, including, while flying a Camel, an aerial encounter with Callahan:<\/p>\n

As I was flying around, watching other scraps, I suddenly heard a -sungg- and right next to me was an S.E.5 with Larry Callahan in it.\u00a0 An episode of just a year ago flashed into my mind.\u00a0 The scene was State Street, Chicago, and Larry and I were walking together, trying to read the signs on office buildings to find the Signal Corps Enlisting Office and wondering how we were going to get into the Flying Corps with our poor eyes.\u00a0 Then here, a year later, in a little town in Scotland, we meet at 5,000 feet in the air, 4,000 miles from home in two of England\u2019s fastest scout machines, flying side by side. . . .\u00a0 When we landed he told me that the same incident had flashed through his mind and he said he could practically see me thinking the same thing.15a<\/a><\/p>\n

Not long thereafter, William Avery \u201cBilly\u201d Bishop took command of No. 85 Squadron R.A.F., stationed at Hounslow, and on the recommendation of and in connivance with Spencer Bertram \u201cNigger\u201d Horn\u2014who had been an instructor at 56 T.S. before becoming a flight commander with 85\u2014ensured that Callahan, along with Grider and Springs, was assigned to his squadron.16<\/a><\/p>\n

In letters home, probably from the period when he was stationed at 85 at Hounslow, Callahan described a forced landing that apparently took place in the Deer Park of Woburn Abbey, the estate of the Duke of Bedford. \u00a0He also gave his version of the encounter he and his fellow pilots had with Princess Marie Louise at Hounslow that is described in the entry for May 17, 1918, of War Birds<\/i>.17<\/a><\/p>\n

\"A
Letters from Callahan are quoted in Mlle. On Dit’s column in the Louisville Courier Journal of June 23, 1918.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On May 22, 1918, the pilots of No. 85 Squadron set off in S.E.5a\u2019s for Lympne. \u00a0From there they crossed the Channel to Marquise, and then flew to Petit Synthe near Dunkirk.18<\/a>\u00a0 Callahan\u2019s arrival was delayed; the entry in War Birds<\/i> for May 25, 1918, recounts that \u201cCal didn’t get far. \u00a0He disappeared from the formation about fifteen minutes after we took off, and didn’t get here until to-day. \u00a0He had an air-bubble in his water-line and he had to land in a field south of London to let his motor cool off and get some more water. \u00a0He got down all right and got out of the field again and decided he’d stop at Croydon and get his radiator drained. \u00a0He made a bad landing at Croydon and crashed. So he went back to London for another night and got a new machine from Brooklands the next day.\u201d19<\/a>\u00a0 On May 26, 1918, Springs wrote his stepmother from Petite Synthe where the squadron was stationed: \u00a0\u201cI\u2019m still pinching myself to make sure I\u2019m awake but there seems to be no doubt about it. Larry Callahan arrived yesterday and all is well.\u201d20<\/a><\/p>\n

Pilots of No. 85 spent until the end of May familiarizing themselves with the area and practicing gunnery. \u00a0When the squadron become operational on June 1, 1918, they flew patrols down to Ypres and escorted bombers into Belgium. \u00a0Then, on June 10, 1918, they were ordered south to St. Omer<\/a>; their patrols now extended from Ypres south to Nieppe.21<\/a><\/p>\n

Callahan apparently was involved in shooting down two planes in June, although he received credit only for one. \u00a0Springs\u2019s flight log for June 15, 1918, reads in part \u201cLarry gets a two-seater\u201d; Springs\u2019s combat report for June 17, 1918, describes the downing of another two-seater, \u201cKill shared with Grider and Callahan.\u201d22<\/a>\u00a0 In July Callahan is credited with shooting down two enemy planes. \u00a0His opponent on July 13, 1918, was flying a Fokker DVII; in a letter home, Callahan remarked: \u00a0\u201cYou will be glad to hear that yesterday I shot down one of the Hun\u2019s latest types of scout machines, making two that I have had confirmed. I think I got another one several weeks ago, but I could not get it confirmed.\u201d23<\/a>\u00a0 His second victory in July and his last with 85 occurred on July 24, 1918, again against a DVII.24<\/a>\u00a0 In mid-August, 85 Squadron moved again, this time much farther south, to Bertangles, just north of Amiens.<\/p>\n

\"Close-up
Callahan and Sopwith Camel at Remaisnil with the 148th, in a photo taken by Signal Corps photographer E. O. Harris on September 14, 1918 (NARA 111-SC-24269<\/a>; see also 24270-72).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

About ten days later, on August 24, 1918, Callahan was assigned to the U.S. 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron, stationed at Remaisnil, about fifteen miles north of Bertangles; many men of the first and second Oxford detachments were already there.25<\/a>\u00a0 Soon after his assignment, he had leave in London. \u00a0On rejoining the squadron on September 9, 1918, he was, at Springs\u2019s urging, assigned to Springs\u2019s B flight<\/a> and instructed by him in flying Camels\u2014Springs had been with the 148th<\/sup> since early July.26<\/a>\u00a0 As the only member of the flight besides Springs who had had combat experience, Callahan was named deputy leader.27<\/a><\/p>\n

In addition to their offensive patrols out of Resmaisnil in support of the advancing British Third Army, the 148th<\/sup> took part in bombing and ground strafing, despite the fact that Camels were ill suited to bombing.28<\/a>\u00a0 As the German line fell back east, the flying distance from Resmaisnil increased, and on September 20, 1918, the 148th<\/sup> Aero was ordered to move east to an airdrome at Baizieux, near Albert. Here they shared patrols with No. 60 Squadron R.A.F., the S.E.5a\u2019s of 60 providing the \u201c\u2018upper guard,\u2019 while 148 flew low, bombing troops and attacking low-flying Fokkers.\u201d29<\/a>\u00a0 Not long after the move, during an early morning patrol and encounter with enemy planes, Callahan\u2019s plane was damaged: \u00a0\u201cA spar broke and his right wing buckled.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. \u00a0He went down in a spin but got out and side slipped back to our lines and landed in no man\u2019s land upside down.\u201d \u00a0Fortunately, Callahan was not injured.30<\/a><\/p>\n

Towards the end of September, Springs left the 148th<\/sup> in order to prepare to lead a new squadron, and Callahan took over from him as flight commander of the 148th<\/sup>‘s B flight.31<\/a>\u00a0 Shortly thereafter, on October 3, 1918, Callahan \u201c[g]ot on tail of Fokker S.E. of Esnes. Got in seventy-five (75) rounds at 100 yards from directly off tail. Fokker went into steep dive and torque spin. \u00a0I watched him for 3,000 feet, when he was still completely out of control. \u00a0Could not watch him further due to general mix-up.\u201d Clayton Bissell was able to confirm that the Fokker biplane with the white tail crashed, and Callahan was credited with his fourth victory.32<\/a>\u00a0 Francis L. \u201cSpike\u201d Irvin, the squadron\u2019s administrative sergeant major, noted in his diary that day: \u00a0\u201cLts. Bissell, Callahan and Ralston each get a Hun. Greatest fight of the War taking place at Cambrai. Allies in its suburbs.\u201d33<\/a><\/p>\n

By October 14, 1918, with Cambrai taken and the Allies advancing eastwards, the 148th<\/sup> once again, along with No. 60 Squadron R.A.F., moved, now to the air field at Beugn\u00e2tre, about two miles northeast of Bapaume\u2014Bapaume now \u201ca cluster of ruins in the middle of a desert,\u201d in squadron historian William P. Taylor\u2019s words.34<\/a>\u00a0 The 148th<\/sup>, when weather permitted, carried out bombing and ground strafing missions during the latter half of October, often in tandem with No. 60 Squadron.35<\/a>\u00a0 The mission on October 28, 1918, however, differed dramatically from those of preceding days. \u00a0The pilots of the 148th<\/sup> decided to set a trap for the enemy, and the trap was successful probably beyond what they ever imagined. \u00a0The squadron\u2019s A flight, commanded by Field Eugene Kindley, served as bait, flying, once the line was reached, at the comparatively low altitude of 10,000 feet, and giving the appearance of a flight looking for low-flying German two-seater reconnaissance planes. \u00a0Meanwhile Thomas L. Moore\u2019s C flight flew several thousand feet higher, and Callahan\u2019s B flight higher still, apparently in no way connected to Kindley\u2019s flight and possibly, in any case, hidden by clouds. \u00a0The three flights had spent about an hour patrolling back and forth along the line and moving gradually eastwards when a flight of enemy Fokkers evidently decided that Kindley\u2019s flight would be easy prey and attacked. \u00a0Immediately planes from Moore\u2019s and Callahan\u2019s flights dove on the Fokkers, and very quickly \u201cthe fight was over, and there on the ground, within a radius of one thousand yards, were seven crashed Hun planes.\u201d36<\/a>\u00a0 Callahan accounted for one of them; he himself watched his Fokker going down to 500 feet, after which he was \u201cunable to watch him further due to another of our machines in trouble.\u201d37<\/a><\/p>\n

The men of the 148th<\/sup> had for some time known that they were to be transferred to the American Front, and, in fact, the next day, October 29, 1918, they were ordered to cease war flying and to prepare to move south on November 1, 1918.38<\/a>\u00a0 After a several days uncomfortable journey by train from Bapaume through Amiens and Paris they arrived at Toul, where they were attached to the American Second Army\u2014and where they celebrated the armistice and then settled in for the long wait for transport home.\u00a0 During their time at Toul the 148th<\/sup>, like other American squadrons, had photos<\/a> taken.<\/p>\n

On December 9, 1918, Callahan was awarded the D.F.C.39<\/a>\u00a0 The citation as transcribed in Munsell\u2019s \u201cAir Service History\u201d (169 a & b) reads: \u00a0\u201cOn October 28th<\/sup>, 1918 this Officer whilst leading his flight, attacked a formation of 7 Fokkers, and after firing a short burst at one E.A. sent it down completely out of control N.W. of Jenlain and then drove another E.A. off the tail of one of his Flight. \u00a0His flight in this fight accounted for 6 E.A. crashed and one out of control without losing a machine\u2014a result largely due to his skilful [sic<\/i>] leading. On another occasion he engaged a formation of E.A. over Esnes. \u00a0This officer has accounted for 4 E.A. crashed, and one driven down out of control; he has proved himself an exceptionally fine patrol leader, and has at all times displayed gallantry, initiative and devotion to duty of the highest order.\u201d \u00a0Callahan was also awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross and Oak Leaf.40<\/a><\/p>\n

After the war, Callahan returned to Chicago and banking. \u00a0He returned to military service in World War II. \u00a0Olive M. Senn gives a brief account of his activities in her obituary of Callahan: \u00a0\u201c.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0Colonel Callahan was stationed in England and served as Chief Intelligence Officer of the 8th<\/sup> Fighter Command. \u00a0He was one of the few select officers cleared for the super-secret ULTRA information. \u00a0The air tactics and strategy he devised had a part in a true air victory being achieved in World War II. \u00a0He also spent some time, probably as Intelligence Officer, in Oran, North Africa.\u201d41<\/a><\/p>\n

mrsmcq May 10, 2017<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Notes<\/h3>\n

(For complete bibliographic entries, please consult the list of\u00a0works and web pages cited<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

\n

1<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Callahan\u2019s date and place of birth are taken from Ancestry.com, U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918<\/i>, record for Laurance [sic<\/i>] K Callahan. \u00a0His first name is sometimes given as \u201cLawrence,\u201d but original documents generally give \u201cLaurence.\u201d \u00a0His date and place of death are taken from Senn, \u201cThe Last \u2018War Bird\u2019.\u201d \u00a0The photo was used to illustrate \u201cAmerican Who Winged Nine Planes Decorated by the Prince of Wales.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

2<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See Ancestry.com, 1900 United States Federal Census<\/i>, record for Laurence K Callahan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Wikipedia, \u201cWindowed envelope\u201d; \u201cChicago Soprano Sings for Louisville Children.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

4<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See The Chicago Blue Book of Selected Names of Chicago and Suburban Towns\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. for the Year Ending 1911<\/i>, pp. 547 and 818.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

5<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0The Cornellian<\/i>, vol. 48, p. 71.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

6<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Ancestry.com, U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918<\/i>, record for Laurance [sic<\/i>] K Callahan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

7<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u201cGround School Graduations [for August 25, 1917].\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, p. 5. See pp. 6\u20137 for Skelton\u2019s account of the mix-up that resulted in the men training in England.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8a<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Winslow, RFC\/RAF No. 56 Squadron Diary of Paul Winslow, entry for October 2, 1917.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

9<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Grider and Jacobs, Marse John Goes to War, <\/i>p. 63.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

10<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, p. 5.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

11<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, p. 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

12<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Barksdale, diary entry for November 28, 1917.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

13<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0On Callahan\u2019s training squadron assignments see The National Archives (United Kingdom), Royal Air Force officers’ service records 1918-1919<\/i>, record for Lawrence [sic<\/i>] K. Callahan. \u201cC.F.S.\u201d stands for Central Flying School, which was at Upavon, but C.F.S. graduation apparently came to designate a stage in flying training regardless of location.\u00a0 See\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0for the R.F.C. graduation requirements; I find no similar document indicating the requirements for a commission, but there was an understanding that a pilot had to have flown twenty hours solo; see, for example Hooper,\u00a0Somewhere in France<\/em>, letters of December 28, 1917, and January 31 and February 14, 1918.<\/p>\n

14<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 See cablegrams 678-S and 979-R.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

15<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0See Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, pp. 11-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

15a<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Winslow, RFC\/RAF No. 56 Squadron Diary of Paul Winslow.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

16<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See the accounts in Davis, War Bird<\/i>, pp. 46\u201349; Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>, pp. 88\u201389; and Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, pp. 13\u201316.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

17<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u201cMlle. On Dit to her Brother \u2018Over There\u2019 June Twenty-second Nineteen Eighteen.\u201d \u00a0The \u201cMlle. On Dit\u201d columns ran Sundays in the Louisville, Kentucky, Courier Journal<\/i>, which was owned by an uncle of Callahan; Callahan\u2019s maternal grandmother lived in Louisville and was the recipient of some of his letters. \u00a0In a letter of August 17, 1918, Springs wrote \u201cLarry is prostrated. His family passed one of his letters around and it got in the papers\u201d (Springs,Letters from a War Bird<\/i>, p. 204).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

18<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See Springs\u2019s flight log and diary entries for this day, cited on p. 131 of Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

19<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See also the account on p. 98 of Grider and Jacobs, Marse John Goes to War<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

20<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>, p. 135.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

21<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Ibid, Chapter 5, passim<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

22<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0The log book entry and combat report are transcribed on pp.158 and 159 of Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>. The Aerodrome, \u201cLaurence Callahan,\u201d lists his first victory under the date June 16,1918, and this is the date given by Skelton in Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, pp. 18\u201319. \u00a0\u201cMlle. On Dit to her Brother \u2018Over There\u2019 February Eighth Nineteen Nineteen,\u201d apparently based on perusal of Callahan\u2019s letters home, states \u201con June 17 Lieut. Callahan . . . brought down his first plane.\u201d Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, p. 20, writes that credit for the June 17, 1918, victory was shared by Canning, Springs, and Grider.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

23<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u201cMlle. On Dit to her Brother \u2018Over There\u2019 August Eleventh, Nineteen Eighteen.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

24<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0The Aerodrome, \u201cLaurence Callahan.\u201d Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, pp. 26 and 27, reproduces the narratives from Callahan\u2019s July combat reports.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

25<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, p. 61. \u00a0Note: \u00a0The record sheet at the National Archives and Records Administration for photo 111-SC-24269 of Callahan at Remaisnil with the 148th indicates the photo was taken August 14, 1918, suggesting he arrived there before August 24, 1918. \u00a0However, the date is probably a mistranscription; the listing for the photo on p. 274 of the Catalogue of Official A.E.F. Photographs<\/i> gives the date September 14, 1918.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

26<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, pp. 80 and 83 on Callahan\u2019s leave. See Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>,\u201d pp. 221 & 226, on Callahan and Springs\u2019s flight.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

27<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Skelton, Callahan, the Last War Bird<\/i>, p. 34.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

28<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>, p. 194.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

29<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Scott, Sixty Squadron R.A.F.<\/i>, p. 117.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

30<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See Springs letter of September 24, 1918, to his stepmother (Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>, p. 242).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

31<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Springs, Letters from a War Bird<\/i>,\u201d p. 248; Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, p. 44.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

32<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0See the combat records, reproduced at the end of Taylor\u2019s A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, pp. 153 & 155.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

33<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Taylor and Irvin, Francis L. \u201cSpike\u201d Irvin\u2019s War Diary and The History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron Aviation Section<\/i>, p. 18.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

34<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, quotation taken from p. 41; date from p. 42.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

35<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Scott, Sixty Squadron R.A.F.<\/i>, p. 118; see also this page for an admiring account of the pilots of the 148th<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

36<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, p. 49.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

37<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0From Callahan\u2019s combat report, reproduced in Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Aero Squadron<\/i>, p. 155.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

38<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Taylor, A History of the 148th<\/sup> Squadron<\/i>, pp. 48 (38a) and 52 (41).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

39<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Munsell, \u201cAir Service History,\u201d p. 206 (21).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

40<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Munsell, \u201cAir Service History,\u201d pp. 169a\u2013169b; \u201cCallahan \u201915 Thrice Honored.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

41<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Senn, \u201cThe Last \u2018War Bird\u2019.\u201d \u00a0See Skelton, \u201cCallahan: The Last War Bird,\u201d pp. 117 ff., for more information on Callahan\u2019s activities in the second World War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Louisville, Kentucky, January 11, 1894 \u2013 Chicago, September 17, 1977).1 Callahan\u2019s family was from Kentucky; Mr. and Mrs. Callahan and their three sons moved to Illinois when Laurence was quite young, but kept up their Louisville ties.2\u00a0 Callahan\u2019s father, Americus Franklin Callahan, invented and patented the window envelope around 1902; Callahan\u2019s mother was a talented … Continue reading “Laurence Kingsley Callahan”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":30,"menu_order":16,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-635","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=635"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8385,"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/635\/revisions\/8385"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr-hooper.cmsmcq.com\/2OD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}